History and definitions Gender identity

1 history , definitions

1.1 definitions
1.2 medical literature
1.3 freud , jung s views
1.4 1950s , 1960s
1.5 butler s views

history , definitions
definitions

the terms gender identity , core gender identity first used current meaning — 1 s personal experience of 1 s own gender — sometime in 1960s. day used in sense, though few scholars additionally use term refer sexual orientation , sexual identity categories gay, lesbian , bisexual.

early medical literature

in late-19th-century medical literature, women chose not conform expected gender roles called inverts , , portrayed having interest in knowledge , learning, , dislike , incapacity needlework . during mid 1900s, doctors pushed corrective therapy on such women , children, meant gender behaviors weren t part of norm punished , changed. aim of therapy push children correct gender roles , thereby limit number of children became transgender.

freud , jung s views

in 1905, sigmund freud presented theory of psychosexual development in 3 essays on theory of sexuality, giving evidence in pregenital phase children not distinguish between sexes, assume both parents have same genitalia , reproductive powers. on basis, argued bisexuality original sexual orientation , heterosexuality resultant of repression during phallic stage, @ point gender identity became ascertainable. according freud, during stage, children developed oedipus complex had sexual fantasies parent ascribed opposite gender , hatred parent ascribed same gender, , hatred transformed (unconscious) transference , (conscious) identification hated parent both exemplified model appease sexual impulses , threatened castrate child s power appease sexual impulses. in 1913, carl jung proposed electra complex both believed bisexuality did not lie @ origin of psychic life, , freud did not give adequate description female child (freud rejected suggestion).

1950s , 1960s

during 1950s , 60s, psychologists began studying gender development in young children, partially in effort understand origins of homosexuality (which viewed mental disorder @ time). in 1958, gender identity research project established @ ucla medical center study of intersex , transsexual individuals. psychoanalyst robert stoller generalized many of findings of project in book sex , gender: on development of masculinity , femininity (1968). credited introducing term gender identity international psychoanalytic congress in stockholm, sweden in 1963. behavioral psychologist john money instrumental in development of theories of gender identity. work @ johns hopkins medical school s gender identity clinic (established in 1965) popularized interactionist theory of gender identity, suggesting that, age, gender identity relatively fluid , subject constant negotiation. book man , woman, boy , girl (1972) became used college textbook, although many of money s ideas have since been challenged.

butler s views

in late 1980s, judith butler began lecturing regularly on topic of gender identity, , in 1990, published gender trouble: feminism , subversion of identity, introducing concept of gender performativity , arguing both sex , gender constructed.