Reproductive sexual behaviour Animal sexual behaviour

1 reproductive sexual behaviour

1.1 copulation
1.2 cuckoldry
1.3 hermaphroditism
1.4 sexual cannibalism
1.5 sexual coercion
1.6 parthenogenesis
1.7 unisexuality
1.8 others

reproductive sexual behaviour
copulation

copulation union of male , female sex organs, innate sexual activity organized transmit male sperm body of female.

in non-primate mammals (for example, rodents, canines, felines, bovines, , equines), anatomy of reproductive organs , circuits of nervous system organized heterosexual copulation.

cuckoldry

small male bluegill sunfishes cuckold large males adopting sneaker strategies.

alternate male strategies allow small males engage in cuckoldry can develop in species such fish spawning dominated large , aggressive males. cuckoldry variant of polyandry, , can occur sneak spawners. sneak spawner male rushes in join spawning rush of spawning pair. spawning rush occurs when fish makes burst of speed, on near vertical incline, releasing gametes @ apex, followed rapid return lake or sea floor or fish aggregation. sneaking males not take part in courtship. in salmon , trout, example, jack males common. these small silvery males migrate upstream along standard, large, hook-nosed males , spawn sneaking redds release sperm simultaneously mated pair. behaviour evolutionarily stable strategy reproduction, because favoured natural selection standard strategy of large males.

hermaphroditism

female groupers change sex male if no male available.

hermaphroditism occurs when given individual in species possesses both male , female reproductive organs, or can alternate between possessing first one, , other. hermaphroditism common in invertebrates rare in vertebrates. can contrasted gonochorism, each individual in species either male or female, , remains way throughout lives. fish gonochorists, hermaphroditism known occur in 14 families of teleost fishes.

usually hermaphrodites sequential, meaning can switch sex, female male (protogyny). can happen if dominant male removed group of females. largest female in harem can switch sex on few days , replace dominant male. found amongst coral reef fishes such groupers, parrotfishes , wrasses. less common male switch female (protandry). example, wrasses protogynous hermaphrodites within haremic mating system. hermaphroditism allows complex mating systems. wrasses exhibit 3 different mating systems: polygynous, lek-like, , promiscuous mating systems.

sexual cannibalism



araneus diadematus – cannibalistic mating behaviour

sexual cannibalism behaviour in female animal kills , consumes male before, during, or after copulation. sexual cannibalism confers fitness advantages both male , female. sexual cannibalism common among insects, arachnids , amphipods. there evidence of sexual cannibalism in gastropods , copepods.

sexual coercion


during mating, male muscovy duck typically immobilises female.

sex in forceful or apparently coercive context has been documented in variety of species. in herbivorous herd species, or species males , females different in size, male dominates sexually force , size.

some species of birds have been observed combining sexual intercourse apparent violent assault; these include ducks, , geese. female white-fronted bee-eaters subjected forced copulations. when females emerge nest burrows, males force them ground , mate them. such forced copulations made preferentially on females laying , may therefore lay eggs fertilized male.

in acilius genus of water beetles, evolutionary arms race between 2 sexes means there no courtship system these beetles. mating behaviours include males holding females underwater till exhausted, , allowing occasional access surface breathe 6 hours (to prevent them breeding other males), , females have variety of body shapings (to prevent males gaining grip).

it has been reported young male elephants in south africa sexually coerced , killed rhinoceroses. interpretation of elephants behaviour disputed 1 of original study s authors, said there nothing sexual these attacks .

parthenogenesis

parthenogenesis form of asexual reproduction in growth , development of embryos occur without fertilisation. technically, parthenogenesis not behaviour, however, sexual behaviours may involved.

whip-tailed lizard females have ability reproduce through parthenogenesis , such males rare , sexual breeding non-standard. females engage in pseudocopulation stimulate ovulation, behaviour following hormonal cycles; during low levels of oestrogen, these (female) lizards engage in masculine sexual roles. animals high oestrogen levels assume feminine sexual roles. lizards perform courtship ritual have greater fecundity kept in isolation due increase in hormones triggered sexual behaviours. so, though asexual whiptail lizards populations lack males, sexual stimuli still increase reproductive success. evolutionary standpoint these females passing full genetic code of offspring rather 50% of genes passed in sexual reproduction.

it rare find true parthenogenesis in fishes, females produce female offspring no input males. all-female species include texas silverside, menidia clarkhubbsi complex of mexican mollies.

parthenogenesis has been recorded in 70 vertebrate species including hammerhead sharks, blacktip sharks, amphibians , crayfish.

unisexuality

unisexuality occurs when species all-male or all-female. unisexuality occurs in fish species, , can take complex forms. squalius alburnoides, minnow found in several river basins in portugal , spain, appears all-male species. existence of species illustrates potential complexity of mating systems in fish. species originated hybrid between 2 species, , diploid, not hermaphroditic. can have triploid , tetraploid forms, including all-female forms reproduce through hybridogenesis.

others

a dog mates coyote produce dog-coyote hybrid.



interbreeding: hybrid offspring can result mating of 2 organisms of distinct closely related parent species, although resulting offspring not fertile. according alfred kinsey, genetic studies on wild animal populations have shown large number of inter-species hybrids.
prostitution: there reports animals engage in prostitution. small number of pair-bonded females within group of penguins took nesting material (stones) after copulating non-partner male. researcher stated watching opportunistically, can t give exact figure of how common is. has been reported bartering of meat sex ... forms part of social fabric of troop of wild chimps living in tai national park in cote d ivoire.
pavlovian conditioning: sexualisation of objects or locations recognised in animal breeding world. example, male animals may become sexually aroused upon visiting location have been allowed have sex before, or upon seeing stimulus associated sexual activity such artificial vagina. sexual preferences cues can artificially induced in rats pairing scents or objects sexual experiences. primary motivation of behaviour pavlovian conditioning, , association due conditioned response (or association) formed distinctive reward .
viewing images: study using 4 adult male rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) showed male rhesus macaques give highly valued item, juice, see images of faces or perineum of high-status females. encouraging captive pandas mate problematic. showing young male pandas panda pornography credited recent population boom among pandas in captivity in china. 1 researcher attributed success sounds on recordings.
copulatory wounding , traumatic insemination: injury partner’s genital tract during mating occurs in @ least 40 taxa, ranging fruit flies humans. however, goes unnoticed due cryptic nature , because of internal wounds not visible outside.




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