History Najd

1 history

1.1 pre-islamic era
1.2 during prophet muhammad s era
1.3 after prophet muhammad s death

1.3.1 ridda wars
1.3.2 after ridda wars till 10th century


1.4 16th century-unification of arabia

history
pre-islamic era

in pre-islamic times region of nejd settled many tribes kindites, tayy , many others.

led usma bin luai, tayy invaded mountains of aja , samra banu tamim in northern arabia in exodus yemen in 115 ce. these mountains known jabal shammar. tayy became nomadic camel herders , horse breeders in northern najd centuries.

in 5th century ce, tribes of north arabia became major threat trade line between yemen , syria. Ḥimyarites decided establish vassal state controlled central , north arabia. kindites gained strength , numbers play role, , in 425 ce Ḥimyarite king Ḥasan ibn amr ibn tubba’ made Ḥujr akīl al-murār ibn amr first king (Ḥujr) of kindah. kindites established kingdom in najd in central arabia unlike organized states of yemen; kings exercised influence on number of associated tribes more personal prestige coercive settled authority. first capital qaryat dhāt kāhil, today known qaryat al-fāw.

the ghassānids, lakhmids , kindites kahlānī , qaḥṭānī vassal kingdoms appointed byzantines, persians , Ḥimyarites protect borders , imperial interests raids of then-rising threat of adnānī tribes. in 5th , 6th centuries ce kindites made first real concerted effort unite tribes of central arabia through alliances, , focused on wars lakhmids. al-Ḥārith ibn amr, famous of kings, succeeded in capturing lakhmid capital of al-Ḥirah in southern modern day iraq. later in 529, al-mundhir recaptured city , put king Ḥārith , fifty members of family death.

in 525 ce, aksumites invaded Ḥimyar, , kindites, had knock-on effect kindites lost support of Ḥimyarites. within 3 years kindite kingdom had split 4 groups: asad, taghlib, qays , kinānah, each led prince of kindah. these small principalities overthrown in 530s , 540s in series of uprisings of adnānī tribes of najd , Ḥijāz. in 540 ce, lakhmids destroyed kindite settlements in nejd, forcing majority of them move yemen. kindites , of arab tribes switched alliances lakhmids.

during prophet muhammad s era

during islamic prophet muhammad s era, muhammad carried out military expeditions in area. first nejd caravan raid against quraysh, took place in 624. meccans led safwan ibn umayyah, lived on trade, left in summer syria seasonal trade business. after muhammad received intelligence caravan s route, muhammad ordered zayd ibn haritha go after caravan, , raided , captured 100,000 dirhams worth of booty.

the invasion of nejd, happened in rabi‘ ath-thani or jumada al-ula, 4 a.h i.e. in october, 625 ad.

muhammad led fighters nejd scare off tribes believed had suspicious intentions. scholars expedition of dhat al-riqa took place in nejd part of invasion.

the authentic opinion according saifur rahman al mubararakpuri , however, dhat ar-riqa‘ campaign took place after fall of khaibar (and not part of invasion of nejd). supported fact abu hurairah , abu musa al-ash‘ari witnessed battle. abu hurairah embraced islam days before khaibar, , abu musa al-ash‘ari came abyssinia (ethiopia) , joined muhammad @ khaibar. rules relating prayer of fear muhammad observed @ dhat ar-riqa‘ campaign, revealed @ asfan invasion , scholars say, took place after al-khandaq (the battle of trench).

the expedition of qatan took place in nejd. banu asad ibn khuzaymah tribe (not confused banu asad tribe), residents of katan, in vicinity of fayd, powerful tribe connected quraysh. resided near hill of katan in nejd. muhammad, received intelligence reports planning raid on medina. dispatched force of 150 men under leadership of abu salama `abd allah ibn `abd al-asad make sudden attack on tribe.

after prophet muhammad s death
ridda wars

after muhammad s death, dormant tensions between meccan immigrants, muhajirun, , medinan converts, ansar, threatened break out , split ummah. other arabic tribes wished revert local leadership , split medina s control. in places, people claiming prophethood started establish leaderships oppose medina, e.g. al-aswad al-ansi , musaylimah. of events led splitting muslim community. ansar, leaders of tribes of medina, met in hall or house called saqifah, discuss whom support new leader. when abu bakr informed of meeting, he, umar, abu ubaidah ibn al-jarrah , few others rushed prevent ansar making premature decision. during meeting umar declared abu bakr should new leader, , declared allegiance abu bakr, followed abu ubaidah ibn al-jarrah, , abu bakr became first muslim caliph.

apostasy , rebellion in central arabia led ahmad bin farasee, self-proclaimed prophet, in fertile region of yamamah. supported powerful tribe of banu hanifa. @ buzakha in north central arabia, self-proclaimed prophet, tulaiha, tribal chief of bani asad, led rebellion against medina aided allied tribes of banu ghatfan, hawazin, , tayy. @ najd, malik ibn nuweira led tribes of banu tamim against authority of medina.

on receiving intelligence of muslims preparations, tulayha prepared battle, , further reinforced contingents of allied tribes.

before launching khalid against tulayha, abu bakr sought ways , means of reducing latter s strength, battle fought maximum prospects of victory. nothing done tribes of bani assad , banu ghatafan, stood solidly behind tulayha, tayy not staunch in support of tulayha, , chief, adi ibn hatim, devout muslim.

adi appointed abu bakr negotiate tribal elders withdraw contingent tulayha s army. negotiations success, , adi brought him 500 horsemen of tribe reinforce khalid s army.

khalid next marched against apostate tribe, jadila. here again adi ibn hatim offered services persuade tribe submit without bloodshed. bani jadila submitted, , 1000 warriors joined khalid s army.

khalid, stronger when had left zhu qissa, marched buzakha. there, in mid-september 632 ce, defeated tulayha in battle of buzakha. remaining army of tulayha retreated ghamra, 20 miles buzakha, , defeated in battle of ghamra in third week of september 632 ce.

several tribes submitted caliph after khalid s decisive victories. moving south buzakha, khalid reached naqra in october 632 ce, army 6000 strong, , defeated rebel tribe of banu saleem in battle of naqra. 632 in third week of october 632 ce, khalid defeated tribal mistress, salma, in battle of zafar. afterwards moved najd against rebel tribe of banu tamim , sheikh malik ibn nuwayrah.

at najd, getting news of khalid s decisive victories against apostates in buzakha, many clans of banu tamim hastened visit khalid, banu yarbu , branch of bani tamim, under chief, malik ibn nuwayrah, hung back. malik chief of distinction: warrior, noted generosity, , famous poet. bravery, generosity, , poetry 3 qualities admired among arabs.

map detailing route of khalid ibn walid s conquest of arabia.

at time of muhammad, had been appointed tax collector tribe of banu tamim. malik heard of death of muhammad, gave tax tribespeople, saying, owner of wealth. moreover, charged because signed pact self-proclaimed prophet sajjah. agreement stated first deal local enemy tribes together, , confront state of madinah.

his riders stopped khalid s army @ town of buttah. khalid asked them signing of pact sajjah; said because wanted revenge against terrible enemies.

when khalid reached najd found no opposing army. sent cavalry nearby villages , ordered them call azaan (call prayers) each party meet. zirrar bin azwar, squadron leader, arrested family of malik, claiming did not answer call prayer. malik avoided direct contact khalid s army , ordered followers scatter, , , family apparently moved away across desert. refused give zakat, hence differentiating between prayer , zakat

nevertheless, malik accused of rebellion against state of medina. charged entering in anti-caliphate alliance sajjah, self-proclaimed prophetess. malik arrested along clan men,

malik asked khalid crimes. malik s response master said this, master said referring abu bakr. khalid declared malik rebel apostate , ordered execution. khalid bin walid killed malik ibn nuwayra.

ikrimah ibn abi-jahl, 1 of corps commanders, instructed make contact musaylima @ yamamah, not engage in fighting until khalid joined him. abu bakr s intention in giving ikrimah mission tie musaylima down @ yamamah. ikrimah on horizon, musaylima remain in expectation of muslim attack, , not able leave base. musaylima committed, khalid free deal apostate tribes of north-central arabia without interference yamamah.

meanwhile, abu bakr sent shurhabil s corps reinforce ikrama @ yamamah. ikrimah, however, in september 632 a.d attacked musaylima s forces , defeated. wrote details of actions abu bakr, who, both pained , angered rashness of ikrimah , disobedience, ordered him proceed force oman assist hudaifa; once hudaifa had completed task, march mahra arfaja, , thereafter go yemen muhajir.

meanwhile, abu bakr sent orders khalid march against musaylima. shurhabil s corps, stationed @ yamamah, reinforce khalid s corps. in addition abu bakr assembled fresh army of ansar , muhajireen in medina joined khalid s corps @ butah. butah khalid marched yamamah join shurhabil s corps.

though abu bakr had instructed shurhabil not engage musaylima s forces until arrival of khalid, shortly before arrival of khalid, shurhabil engaged musaylima s forces , defeated too. khalid joined corps of shurhabil in december 632.

the combined force of muslims, 13,000 strong, defeated musaylima s army in battle of yamama, fought in third week of december 632 ce. fortified city of yamamah surrendered peacefully later week.

khalid established headquarters @ yamamah, despatched columns on plain of aqraba subdue region around yamamah , kill or capture resisted. thereafter of central arabia submitted medina.

what remained of apostasy in less vital areas of arabia rooted out muslims in series of planned campaigns within 5 months.

after ridda wars till 10th century

muhammad s followers rapidly expanded territory under muslim rule beyond arabia, conquering huge swathes of territory (from iberian peninsula in west modern day pakistan in east) in matter of decades. in doing, arabia became politically peripheral region of muslim world focus shifted more developed conquered lands. 10th century 20th century mecca , medina under control of local arab ruler known sharif of mecca, @ times sharif owed allegiance ruler of 1 of major islamic empires based in baghdad, cairo or istanbul. of remainder of became saudi arabia reverted traditional tribal rule.

16th century-unification of arabia

in 16th century, ottomans added red sea , persian gulf coast (the hejaz, asir , al-ahsa) empire , claimed suzerainty on interior. 1 reason thwart portuguese attempts attack red sea (hence hejaz) , indian ocean. ottoman degree of control on these lands varied on next 4 centuries fluctuating strength or weakness of empire s central authority. emergence of become saudi royal family, known al saud, began in nejd in central arabia in 1744, when muhammad bin saud, founder of dynasty, joined forces religious leader muhammad ibn abd al-wahhab, founder of wahhabi movement, strict puritanical form of sunni islam. alliance formed in 18th century provided ideological impetus saudi expansion , remains basis of saudi arabian dynastic rule today. first saudi state established in 1744 in area around riyadh, rapidly expanded , briefly controlled of present-day territory of saudi arabia, destroyed 1818 ottoman viceroy of egypt, mohammed ali pasha. smaller second saudi state , located in nejd, established in 1824 turki. throughout rest of 19th century, al saud contested control of interior of become saudi arabia arabian ruling family, al rashid. 1891, al rashid victorious , al saud driven exile in kuwait.

at beginning of 20th century, ottoman empire continued control or have suzerainty on of peninsula. subject suzerainty, arabia ruled patchwork of tribal rulers, sharif of mecca having pre-eminence , ruling hejaz. in 1902, abdul rahman s son, abdul aziz—later known ibn saud—recaptured control of riyadh bringing al saud nejd. ibn saud gained support of ikhwan, tribal army inspired wahhabism, , had grown after foundation in 1912. aid of ikhwan, ibn saud captured al-ahsa ottomans in 1913.

in 1916, encouragement , support of britain (which fighting ottomans in world war i), sharif of mecca, hussein bin ali, led pan-arab revolt against ottoman empire create united arab state. although arab revolt of 1916 1918 failed in objective, allied victory in world war resulted in end of ottoman suzerainty , control in arabia.

ibn saud avoided involvement in arab revolt, , instead continued struggle al rashid. following latter s final defeat, took title sultan of nejd in 1921. of ikhwan, hejaz conquered in 1924–25 , on 10 january 1926, ibn saud declared himself king of hejaz. year later, added title of king of nejd. next 5 years, administered 2 parts of dual kingdom separate units.

after conquest of hejaz, ikhwan leadership s objective switched expansion of wahhabist realm british protectorates of transjordan, iraq , kuwait, , began raiding territories. met ibn saud s opposition, recognized danger of direct conflict british. @ same time, ikhwan became disenchanted ibn saud s domestic policies appeared favor modernization , increase in number of non-muslim foreigners in country. result, turned against ibn saud and, after two-year struggle, defeated in 1930 @ battle of sabilla, leaders massacred. in 1932 2 kingdoms of hejaz , nejd united kingdom of saudi arabia.